Ratio And Performance Analysis Of Kamdar Group Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1932 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Kamdar Sdn Bhd was established in Malaysia since 1972, and has since achieved a dominant position in the garment and textile departmental store industry. The Kamdar brand stands for quality of service, history and value for money. Kamdar stores specialize in textile fabric, furnishing fabric, in-house designed garments for ladies, men and childrens clothes, Indian clothing and school uniforms. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ratio And Performance Analysis Of Kamdar Group Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In 2004, Kamdar Group (M) Berhad was established as the holding company for the group in order to facilitate its listing on the main board of the KLSE. After more than 50 years of growth, Kamdar has 21 outlets around Malaysia and employs about 1,200 staff. Ratio Analysis What is Ratios Analysis? Ratio analysis is a tool used by individuals to compute a quantitative analysis of information in a companys financial statements and evaluate the performance of company. According to Groppelli, Angelico A., In finance, a financial ratio or accounting ratio is a ratio of two selected numerical values taken from an enterprises financial statements. There are many standard ratios used to try to evaluate the overall financial condition of a corporation or other organization. Comparison Ratio analysis is generally calculated from current year numbers and then used to compare the performance or position of a single company with other companies or with an industry. Trend analysis is compared the companys current performance with previous years or even current performance against the budget. It is use to identify the companys strength and weakness with financial situation. Besides that, it acts as a guide for manager to improving with proper action. Industry comparison is compared the companys performance with the competitors companies which is similar nature companies or with the industry average. It is helps to point out deviation from norms in industry. The users of ratios analysis are group of people which related with company such as investors, employees, lender, suppliers, customers, government and public. Financial ratios can be divided into 5 categories: Profitability Ratios Measure the overall effectiveness of the company. It can help an organization manage the funds such as increase the return with control the expenses. Liquidity Ratios Measure how quickly an organization can obtain the cash to meet its short-term requirements. Which means ability of an organization generates revenues to cover the obligations. Capital Structure Ratios Analyses how assets financed. Means assess the firms long-run ability to meet its obligation. Asset Management Ratios Measure efficiently and intensively a firm uses its assets to generate sales. Market Value Ratios Measure the market value for companys stock compared with accounting values. But it can only calculate for shares that are traded in the market. Ratio Analysis for the Kamdar Group (M) Berhad: Formula: 2008 2007 Profitability Ratios :- Gross Profit Margin = Gross Profit ÃÆ'Æ’-100% Sales = 68,343,838 ÃÆ'Æ’-100% 182,416,634 = 37.47% = 62,576,977 ÃÆ'Æ’-100% 177,442,850 = 35.27% Operating Profit Margin = Earnings Before Interest Tax ÃÆ'Æ’-100% Sales = 19,683,440 ÃÆ'Æ’-100% 182,416,634 = 10.79% = 18,544,992 ÃÆ'Æ’-100% 177,442,850 = 10.45% Net Profit Margin = Net Earnings Available to Common Stockholders ÃÆ'Æ’-100% Sales = 8,481,844 ÃÆ'Æ’-100% 182,416,634 = 4.65% = 7,918,897 ÃÆ'Æ’-100% 177,442,850 = 4.46% Return on Assets (ROA) = Net Earnings Available to Common Stockholders ÃÆ'Æ’-1 00% Total Assets = 8,481,844 ÃÆ'Æ’-100% 295,336,768 = 2.87% = 7,918,897 ÃÆ'Æ’-100% 289,549,467 = 2.73% Return on Equity (ROE) = Net Earnings Available to Common Stockholders ÃÆ'Æ’-100% Common Stockholders Equity = 8,481,844 ÃÆ'Æ’-100% 151,992,341 = 5.58% = 7,918,897 ÃÆ'Æ’-100% 143,510,497 = 5.52% Return on Capital Employed = Operating Profit ÃÆ'Æ’-100% Capital Employed (*Capital Employed = Total Assets Current Liabilities) = 19,683,440 ÃÆ'Æ’-100% 174,741,198 = 11.26% = 18,544,992 ÃÆ'Æ’-100% 229,418,962 = 8.08% Liquidity Ratios :- Current Ratio = Current Assets Current Liabilities = 127,341,176 120,595,570 = 1.06 times = 123,842,363 60,130,505 = 2.06 times Quick Ratio = Current Assets less Inventory Current Liabilities = 28,978,154 120,595,570 = 0.24 times = 35,171,965 60,130,505 = 0.58 times Capital Structure Ratio s :- Total Debt to Total Asset Ratio = Total Long-Term Debt + Current Liabilities ÃÆ'Æ’-100% Total Asset = 143,344,427 ÃÆ'Æ’-100% 295,336,768 = 48.54% = 146,038,970 ÃÆ'Æ’-100% 289,549,467 = 50.44% Long Term Debt to Equity Ratio = Long-Term Debt ÃÆ'Æ’-100% Total Shareholders Equity = 22,748,857 x 100% 151,992,341 = 14.97% = 85,908,465 x 100% 143,510,497 = 59.86% Times Interest Earned = Earnings Before Interest Tax Interest Expense = 19,683,440 4,630,469 = 4.25 times = 18,544,992 5,192,861 = 3.57times Asset Management Ratios :- Average Collection Period = Account Receivable ÃÆ'Æ’- 365 days Credit Sales = 7,218,271 ÃÆ'Æ’- 365days 182,416,634 = 14.44 days = 8,347,582 ÃÆ'Æ’- 365days 177,442,850 = 17.17 days Inventory Turnover = Inventory ÃÆ'Æ’- 365 days Cost of Sales = 98,363,022 ÃÆ'Æ’- 365days 114,072,796 = 314.73 days = 88,670,398 ÃÆ'Æ’- 365days 114,865,873 = 281.76 days Average Payment Period = Creditor ÃÆ'Æ’- 365 days Purchases (*Purchases = Cost of goods sold) = 5,124,727 ÃÆ'Æ’-365days 114,072,796 = 16.40 days = 7,547,495 ÃÆ'Æ’-365days 114,865,873 = 23.98 days Total Asset Turnover = Sales Total Assets (*Total Assets = Capital Employed) = 182,416,634 295,336,768 = 0.62 times = 177,442,850 289,549,467 = 0.61 times Market Value Ratios :- Earnings per Share (EPS) = Earnings Available to Shareholders Number of Ordinary Shares (*units) (*given by notes 25.b) = 8,771,828 198,049,026 = 4.4 sen / share = 8,348,542 197,990,002 = 4.2 sen / share Dividend per Share = Dividend Paid Number of Ordinary Shares (*units) (*given by notes 26) = nil (*did not declare dividend) = 4 sen Dividend Cover = Earnings per Share (EPS) Dividend per Share = nil (*did not decla re dividend) = 4.2 sen 4.0 sen = 1.05 times Price Earning (P/E) Ratio = Market Price per Share Earnings per Share (EPS) = RM 0.200 RM 0.044 = 4.55 times (*Market Price as at 31/12/08) = RM 0.530 RM 0.042 = 12.62 times (*Market Price as at 2/1/08) Dividend Yield (% return of invest) = Dividend per share ÃÆ'Æ’- 100% Market Price / Share = nil (*did not declare dividend) = RM 0.040 ÃÆ'Æ’- 100% RM 0.530 = 7.55% Performance Evaluation Profitability Ratios In order to analyze the profitability of the Kamdar Group (M) Berhad, we will look into several profitability ratios. The gross profit margin at year 2008 is at 37.47% higher compare to year 2007 is at 35.27%. This could be either at year 2008 has selling the product at a higher price or the purchasing cost at year 2008 is lower than year 2007. The operating profit margin for year 2008 is at 10.79% however for year 2007 is at 10.45%. This is indicated that the company has control the expenses at reasonable level, selling has increase with higher rate than expenses. Return on total assets ratio (ROA) for year 2007 is 2.73% increasing to 2.87% at year 2008. It is represents management has use assets efficiently and effectively ways to generate their profit and sales compare with year 2007. Return on equity (ROE) for year 2007 is 5.58% increasing to 5.52% at year 2008. It is represents the company has use the investors money to generate profit with more efficie ncy. Liquidity Ratios The current ratio and the quick ratio help to access the liquidity position of the company. The current ratio at year 2008 is lower at 1.06 times compare to year 2007 at 2.06 times. The quick ratio for year 2008 is 0.24 times comparing to year 2007 at 0.58 times. Both this ratios indicate that year 2007 has a better liquidity position compare to year 2008, because at year 2008 the increasing in current assets is less than increasing in current liabilities Thus, ability to handle their short-term obligation of year 2008 are poor than year 2007. Capital Structure Ratios The total debts to total assets ratio is lower for year 2008 at 48.54% compare to year 2007 which is at 50.44%.The long-term debts to equity ratio is 14.97% comparing to year 2007 at 59.86%. This indicate that year 2007 is more highly geared which means that quite a high proportion of a financing come from debts. In other words, Kamdar Group has improving the financing at year 2008. Th e time interest earns is higher for year 2008 at 4.25 times compare to year 2007 which is at 3.57 times. This indicates that there are more earnings available to meet interest payment and business is more stable to reduce the interest rate. Asset Management Ratios The average collection period for year 2008 is 14.44 days compare to year 2007 which is at 17.17 days. The ratios indicate that the year 2008 has strong credit management compare to year 2007. The stock turnover period for year 2008 is 314.73 days for year 2007 is 281.76 days. We can assume the Kamdar Group has estimated that the sales volume will increase at following year. The creditor payment period is shorter for year 2008 at 16.40 days compare to year 2007 which is at 23.98 days. This ratio indicates that company has sufficient cash to settling debts in time. At year 2008, company generates a higher sale at 0.62 times for every Ringgit invested in assets however at year 2007 only generate 0.61 times. Company has improving the efficiency to uses of its assets to generate revenue. Market Value Ratios The earnings per share of year 2008 is at 4.4 sen compare to year 2007 which is at 4.2 sen. Year 2008 earns a higher return per share. When we look at dividend per share, at year 2007 paid out RM0.04 for every share but at year 2008 company did not declare any dividend for every share. The dividend shown the dividend cover at year 2007 is 1.05 times but year 2008 never have dividend cover because company did not declare dividend. Therefore, the P/E ratio for year 2007 is 12.62 times but year 2008 is only at 4.55 times. Limitation of Ratio Different Accounting Policies Since the ratios are based on the figures taken from the financial statements, the results of the ratio analysis are dependent on the quality of the underlying statements. The choices of accounting policies may distort intercompany comparisons. For example, different company may use different depreciation method such strait-line method or reducing balance method, it may affected the figure in financial statement. Creative accounting The financial statement is very easy to manipulating. Company may manipulate the financial statement and trying to show the better financial performance or position which can be misleading to the users of financial accounting. Interpretation of the ratios Ratios need to be interpreted carefully and take time to understand it. It is difficult to generalize about a performance condition of particular ratio. It should not be considered in isolation. It is meaningless without making comparison with others. Rat ios are not definitive measures Ratios can provide clues to the companys performance or financial situation. Ratios cannot show whether performance is good or bad. It is just only guides for the users to estimate condition of company in future date. Historical or outdated information in financial statement The figures in a set of accounts are likely to be out of date, and so might not give a proper indication of the companys current financial position. It was represented in the conditions that ignore the economics issue. Different financial and business risk profile No two companies are the same, even when they are competitors in the same industry or market. Using ratios to compare one company with another could provide misleading information. Businesses may be within the same industry but having different financial and business risk. One company may be able to obtain bank loans at reduced rates and may show high gearing levels while as another may not be successful i n obtaining cheap rates and it may show that it is operating at low gearing level. To uninformed analyst he may feel like company two is better when in fact its low gearing level is because it cannot be able to secure further funding. Different capital structures and size Different size of companies may have different capital structures. Make comparison of performance when one is all equity financed and another is a geared company it may not be a good analysis. Conclusion Ratio analysis is useful, but analysts should be aware of these problems and make adjustments as necessary. Kamdar Groups ratio analysis shown it is growth in stable and health condition. The revenue earned by group has increased over the year. Companys total short-term debt has increasing because the company was converted part of long-term borrowing to short-term borrowing in order to reduce the total long-term debt. It can be help to survive in long run business especially economic slowdown period, but company will facing high gearing level in following year. It may affect investors to continue investing in the company. Based on the P/E ratio, the current investors will start to lose their confidence in the share of the company and choose to reduce the amount of investment in the company. Due to the continuously decreasing in the P/E ratio, it will be difficult to attract the new investors and it may cause the share price to be decreased. A slowdown in the stock exchange will affect the overall sales of the company. Therefore, the profit that earned by the company will be reducing. As a result, the dividends that paid to the stockholders will decrease. This will cause the current investors does not have confidence in the stocks and also make the stocks to be unattractive to the new investors.

A Break Down On The Break - 1499 Words

A Break Down on the Break-In Mesquite High Schools pronounced football team practiced tirelessly one November day in 2015, working around the clock to ensure a spot in the state play-offs. Although the football team gave everything they had to offer for their school, Mesquite did not give their all back for their team. During the intense practice, two young men slipped in through the gym doors by simply bypassing the school s poor exterior locks. With one swift yank, they were able to pop open the locker room door, giving them access to all the players’ personal items and equipment. Once the players returned to the athletic facility, they came to discover that their bags and lockers had been picked clean. Thousands of dollars in cell†¦show more content†¦This lack of security is unacceptable. Replacing the current door handles with cup handles will lead to higher quality security and benefit all teachers, students, and faculty. Choosing to install these new handles wo uld ensure better safety in emergency situations and prevent future thefts for the school. Part Two: Current Efforts The school s main defenses consist of the doors and locks on campus. However if these doors and locks become damaged and cannot serve their full purpose, they contribute little safety efficiency to the school. The current locks placed on the exterior of the school are in poor working condition. A hard enough yank immediately pops the lock and allows access to the school. These handles and locks clearly create an issue for the school, because of the numerous break-ins where valuable equipment and personal goods were stolen. These thefts are not an uncommon occurrence. 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Henrietta Lacks An Abstraction - 931 Words

Elie Wiesel has stated â€Å"We must not see any person as an abstraction. Instead, we must see in every person a universe with its own secrets, with its own treasures, with its own sources of anguish, and with some measure of triumph† (as cited in Skloot, 2010, p. 1). This paper will examine the many ways in which Henrietta Lacks, a relatively poor African woman whose cells were extracted from her without any consent, was viewed primarily as an abstraction rather than a person by the scientific community and the media; and the consequences that ensued as a result. The scientific community is culpable of viewing Henrietta Lacks as an abstraction rather than a human being in that they disregarded her right to privacy in extracting her cells†¦show more content†¦Additionally, the scientific community did not display an ounce of respect to Lacks nor her family. The media was also involved in neglecting to recognize Lacks as a person rather than a concept. 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Choosing Good Topics for College Application Essay

Choosing Good Topics for College Application Essay Get the Scoop on Topics for College Application Essay Before You're Too Late If you're applying for college and has to produce a college application essay, then it's best to start your essay writing practice the soonest possible moment. The essay is a significant area of the college application process, made only more so by the growing number of students applying to college in the USA each year. You will realize that each man or woman who reads your college application essay is going to have very different things to say about doing it. The essay for Florida state university isn't required, but it's highly encouraged. Many schools do not need essays in any way. Colleges use essays to attempt to create a personal snapshot of you unobtainable from different parts of the application. They are more likely to admit students who can articulate specific reasons why the school is a good fit for them beyond its reputation or ranking on any list. Some colleges or universities supply you with a list of essay questions but in many instances, you're going to be given the chance to think up a fantastic essay question and topic by yourself and then write about doing it. Writing a college application essay can be hard for you in case you don't follow proper guidelines. After all, the college would like to understand what you're about. Essays are often needed for scholarship applications. As the essay can turn into the deciding factor to assist you secure an area at the college or institution you're applying to you want to get ready to answer the most frequent application essay questions. You are going to have more essays to write, and a very good essay takes time! The essay is just one of the big approaches you'll be able to distinguish yourself. Fortunately, the personal essay doesn't have to be an overwhelming or stress-inducing undertaking. Writing your essay can be a lot simpler if you know what type of questions could be asked of you. If you're authentic, nobody can write the very same essay as you! As soon as you have that moment, you can locate a question which will lead you there. Your response shouldn't be a book report. Write about a problem you have or wish to address. To discover what should be finished, you ought to take a look at a wonderful deal of other essay examples. Bridget's essay is quite strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. There are two or three things you can do in your essay to be noticed and get accepted. There are numerous essay examples you'll be able to discover on the internet today. The Topics for College Application Essay Cover Up Tell us a topic which you've changed your head on in the last three years. While you can't predict every essay question, knowing some of the most frequent ones may give you an advantage on applications. Next important issue is the style you decide to write while writing your college essay prompt, it's your duty to produce complex things simpler. Don't neglect to explain why the issue is valuable to you! With the most suitable organization, you could do away with a whole lot of anxiety. Pick a distinctive topic that others may not think of, and whatever you select, make sure that you know a lot about it! In earlier times lots of people have asked what they would like to do in a troublesome circumstance and have faced many difficult conditions. Unique things to various individuals, since the situation demanded. You may also find a great deal of successful sample essays online. It's very valuable to take writing apart so as to see just the way that it accomplishes its objectives. You shouldn't feel that you've got to decide on a critical topic so as to have a powerful writing sample. You may even be in a position to read examples from previous students to receive your creative juices flowing.

Comparator Free Essays

COMPARATOR a device which compares two  voltages  or  currents  and switches its output to indicate which is larger. COMPARATOR WITH HYSTERESIS Hysteresis is achieved by positive feedback and makes the comparator less sensitive to noise on the input. [pic] VHYS = V2 – V’2 V2 = R2 R2 + R1 V2 = R2 R2 + R1 Jonathan Archer captain of the first starship Enterprise The most difficult task facing any captain, any crew, is the loss of a shipmate. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparator or any similar topic only for you Order Now We’ve come here to honor one of our own. In the time we knew him, he showed us just how much one life can truly matter. We will never forget what he did for us, and for the ship he loved so much. We will go forward with renewed determination to complete this mission, so that his sacrifice won’t just have been for the people on this ship, but for all the citizens of Earth. Samuel J. Palmisano Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer IBM Corporation There are, however, certain kinds of aspirations that can’t be achieved through organizational capabilities, global reach or technology—or by applying the lessons of the past. To capture the biggest economic opportunities or to tackle society’s most daunting problems—to imagine what the world might be, and actually to build it—people have sought something more fundamental: a unique ability to conceptualize opportunities, to analyze developments, to tackle and overcome grand challenges. SHINICHI SASAKI EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT, TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATIO Fully aware that support from customers is essential to its continued success, Toyota is striving to provide its customers with the highest-quality products and services under its â€Å"Customer First† policy. Based on the â€Å"kaizen (continuous improvement)† philosophy at the heart of its manufacturing activities, Toyota is working hard to continuously improve customer satisfaction through initiatives in all areas of its business activities, including development, purchasing, production, sales and after-sales services, throughout the entire Toyota Group. How to cite Comparator, Papers

The moon and sixpence free essay sample

Somerset Maugham is one of the most prolific and financially successful writers of his era. He conquered the world by his unadorned but elegant style of writing. As a child, S. Maugham lost his parents and was brought up by his emotionally cold uncle, at school the future writer was teased for his bad English and non-athletic build. Such a difficult childhood resulted in stammer but taught him how to make wounding remarks towards offenders. This ability had a positive impact on Maugham’s fiction that is heavy with satire. In his works, the well-known writer attacks the most common vices of men: hypocrisy, greediness, money-worship, etc. The text under analysis is taken from the novel â€Å"The Moon and Sixpence† belonging to the pen of the famous writer Somerset Maugham. The extract depicts strange relations between a wife and a husband. Even the author whose presence is evident in every sentence (â€Å"I should think†, â€Å"I felt sure†), has no idea why these entirely different people are still together. We will write a custom essay sample on The moon and sixpence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From the first sentence we get stuck by such an unusual definition of a person as a â€Å"married bachelor†, the usage of oxymoron gives us the idea that this is a fictitious marriage or somebody forgot to ask the character if he wanted to have a wife or not. When we learn that Mr. Nichols is a captain or used to be a captain, even more questions appear. Have you ever met a person with more unsuitable way of life for close relationships? As the extract opens, it becomes clear that the author feels sympathy to the captain. Somerset Maugham depicts his character using the word â€Å"melancholy†, showing that Mr. Nichols does not seem to be happy or at least satisfied with his life. What sorrow could break the strong and brave captain? As the story unfolds, the writer gives us a hint that something is wrong with the character’s marriage, using anadiplosis â€Å"†¦captain Nichols had married her, and having married her†. Maybe he used to be carefree, independent and confident like a typical bachelor. How did his marital status influence him? Should we blame his wife for so radical changes? The writer depicts the captain’s wife directly, starting with her appearance that is far from being pleasant. All we know that appearances are deceitful†¦but not in this case. The usage of different stylistic devices such as repetition â€Å"tight† and simile â€Å"inexorable as fate, remorseless as conscience† reveals the author’s negative attitude to thisnwoman. She gives us an impression of a powerful tyrant, a kind of imperturbable robot, implementation of her strict father. Her excess of â€Å"tightness† makes our flesh creep. As the story unfolds, we do not manage to find any positive characteristics of Mrs. Nichols, she is not attractive, her personality repels if not frightens. It is nearly impossible to find a single pretext for their marriage. The author puts emphasis on their incompatibility, showing that they belong to different classes. Maybe Mrs. Nichols is proud of her father who is â€Å"an efficient policeman†, but the author cannot suppress his irony â€Å"†¦well-defined class, of late become vocal, which is known as the lower-middle†. While the captain is never worried about a chance of becoming a hobo. The spouses have nothing in common to have heart-to-heart talks. What’s more, Mr. Nichols is â€Å"frightened to death† of his wife, the usage of hyperbole helps the author to accentuate the woman’s extreme control of her husband. The narrator highlights the absurd of their union, using parallel construction â€Å"I do not know what her hold was on the Captain, but I do not think it was love†. Maugham emphasizes the captain’s hopeless position with the help of simile â€Å"He could as little escape her as the cause can escape the effect†. But what stopped him? Her father-policeman with a gun? Actually, this is the captain, who is guilty for his melancholy. If he does not rule his wife, how can he rule his life? The message, the author wanted to convey to the reader, penetrates the whole extract. I would express it in the following words it is up to you what to choose: to collect your strength and change your life for the better or just to go with the stream.

Significance of the Study Sample free essay sample

The user enters a five-digit PIN using the keypad. If the user enters a valid account number and the correct PIN for that account, the screen displays the main menu. If the user enters an invalid account number or an incorrect PIN, the screen displays an appropriate message, then the ATM returns to Step 1 to restart the authentication process. After the ATM authenticates the user, the main menu contains numbered options for the three types of transactions: balance inquiry (option 1), withdrawal (option 2) and deposit (option 3). It also should contain an option to allow the user to exit the system (option 4). The user then chooses either to perform a transaction (by entering 1, 2 or 3) or to exit the system (by entering 4). If the user enters 1 to make a balance inquiry, the screen displays the user’s account balance. To do so, the ATM must retrieve the balance from the bank’s database. The following steps describe what occurs when the user enters 2 to make a withdrawal: The screen displays a menu of standard withdrawal amounts and an option to cancel the transaction. The user enters a menu selection using the keypad. If the withdrawal amount is greater than the user’s account balance, the screen displays a message stating this and telling the user to choose a smaller amount. The ATM then returns to Step 1. If the withdrawal amount chosen is less than or equal to the user’s account balance (i. e. , an acceptable amount), the ATM proceeds to Step 4. If the user chooses to cancel, the ATM displays the main menu and waits for user input. If the cash dispenser contains enough cash, the ATM proceeds to Step 5. Otherwise, the screen displays a message indicating the problem and telling the user to choose a smaller withdrawal amount. The ATM then returns to Step 1. The ATM debits the withdrawal amount from the user’s account in the bank’s database. The cash dispenser dispenses the desired amount of money to the user. The screen displays a message reminding the user to take the money. The following steps describe the actions that occur when the user enters 3 to make a deposit: The screen prompts the user to enter a deposit amount or type 0 (zero) to cancel. The user enters a deposit amount or 0 using the keypad. If the user specifies a deposit amount, the ATM proceeds to Step 4. If the user chooses to cancel the transaction (by entering 0), the ATM displays the main menu and waits for user input. The screen displays a message telling the user to insert a deposit envelope. If the deposit slot receives a deposit envelope within two minutes, the ATM credits the deposit amount to the user’s account in the bank’s database (i. e. , adds the deposit amount to the user’s account balance). After the system successfully executes a transaction, it should return to the main menu so that the user can perform additional transactions. If the user exits the system, the screen should display a thank you message, then display the welcome message for the next user. Analyzing the ATM System The preceding statement is a simplified example of a requirements document Typically the result of a detailed process of requirements gathering A systems analyst might interview banking experts to gain a better understanding of what the software must do would use the information gained to compile a list of system requirements to guide systems designers as they design the system. The software life cycle specifies the stages through which software goes from the time it’s first conceived to the time it’s retired from use. These stages typically include: analysis, design, implementation, testing and debugging, deployment, maintenance and retirement. Several software life-cycle models exist Waterfall models perform each stage once in succession Iterative models may repeat one or more stages several times throughout a product’s life cycle The analysis stage focuses on defining the problem to be solved. When designing any system, one must solve the problem right, but of equal importance, one must solve the right problem. Our requirements document describes the requirements of our ATM system in sufficient detail that you need not go through an extensive analysis stage—it’s been done for you. Use case modeling identifies the use cases of the system, each representing a different capability that the system provides to its clients. â€Å"View Account Balance† â€Å"Withdraw Cash† â€Å"Deposit Funds† Each use case describes a typical scenario for which the user uses the system. A use case diagram models the interactions between a system’s clients and its use cases. Shows the kinds of interactions users have with a system without providing the details Often accompanied by informal text that gives more detail—like the text that appears in the requirements document. Produced during the analysis stage of the software life cycle. Stick figure represents an actor, which defines the roles that an external entity—such as a person or another system—plays when interacting with the system. During the analysis stage, systems designers focus on understanding the requirements document to produce a high-level specification that describes what the system is supposed to do. The output of the design stage—a design specification specifies clearly how the system should be constructed to satisfy these requirements. In the next several sections, we perform the steps of a simple object-oriented design (OOD) process on the ATM system to produce a design specification containing a collection of UML diagrams and supporting text. We present our own simplified design process A system is a set of components that interact to solve a problem. System structure describes the system’s objects and their interrelationships. System behavior describes how the system changes as its objects interact with one another. Every system has both structure and behavior— designers must specify both. The UML 2 standard specifies 13 diagram types for documenting the system models. Each models a distinct characteristic of a system’s structure or behavior—six diagrams relate to system structure, the remaining seven to system behavior. We are interested in two of the six diagram types: Use case diagrams model the interactions between a system and its external entities (actors) in terms of use cases. Class diagrams model the classes, or â€Å"building blocks,† used in a system. Identify the classes that are needed to build the system by analyzing the nouns and noun phrases that appear in the requirements document. We introduce UML class diagrams to model these classes. Important first step in defining the system’s structure. Review the requirements document and identify key nouns and noun phrases to help us identify classes that comprise the ATM system. We may decide that some of these nouns and noun phrases are actually attributes of other classes in the system. We may also conclude that some of the nouns do not correspond to parts of the system and thus should not be modeled at all. Additional classes may become apparent to us as we proceed through the design process. We create classes only for the nouns and noun phrases that have significance in the ATM system. Though the requirements document frequently describes a â€Å"transaction† in a general sense, we do not model the broad notion of a financial transaction at this time. Instead, we model the three types of transactions (i. e. , â€Å"balance inquiry,† â€Å"withdrawal† and â€Å"deposit†) as individual classes. These classes possess specific attributes needed for executing the transactions they represent. Classes: ATM screen keypad cash dispenser deposit slot account bank database balance inquiry withdrawal deposit The UML enables us to model, via class diagrams, the classes in the ATM system and their interrelationships. Each class is modeled as a rectangle with three compartments. The top one contains the name of the class centered horizontally in boldface. The middle compartment contains the class’s attributes. The bottom compartment contains the class’s operations. The UML allows the suppression of class attributes and operations in this manner to create more readable diagrams, when appropriate. Class diagrams also show the relationships between the classes of the system. The solid line that connects the two classes represents an association between classes. The numbers near each end of the line are multiplicity values, which indicate how many objects of each class participate in the association. An association can be named. The word Executes above the line connecting classes ATM and Withdrawal in Fig. 12. 7 indicates the name of that association. This part of the diagram reads â€Å"one object of class ATM executes zero or one objects of class Withdrawal. † Association names are directional, as indicated by the filled arrowhead. The word currentTransaction at the Withdrawal end of the association line is a role name, identifying the role the Withdrawal object plays in its relationship with the ATM. A role name adds meaning to an association between classes by identifying the role a class plays in the context of an association. A class can play several roles in the same system. Role names in class diagrams are often omitted when the meaning of an association is clear without them. Solid diamonds attached to the ATM class’s association lines indicate that ATM has a composition relationship with classes Screen, Keypad, CashDispenser and DepositSlot. Composition implies a whole/part relationship. The class that has the composition symbol (the solid diamond) on its end of the association line is the whole (in this case, ATM), and the classes on the other end of the association lines are the parts. Composition relationships have the following properties: Only one class in the relationship can represent the whole The parts in the composition relationship exist only as long as the whole does, and the whole is responsible for the creation and destruction of its parts. A part may belong to only one whole at a time, although it may be removed and attached to another whole, which then assumes responsibility for the part. If a has-a relationship does not satisfy one or more of these criteria, the UML specifies that hollow diamonds be attached to the ends of association lines to indicate aggregation—a weaker form of composition. Class ATM has a one-to-one relationship with class BankDatabase—one ATM object authenticates users against one BankDatabase object. The bank’s database contains information about many accounts—one BankDatabase object participates in a composition relationship with zero or more Account objects. The multiplicity value 0.. * at the Account end of the association between class BankDatabase and class Account indicates that zero or more objects of class Account take part in the association. Class BankDatabase has a one-to-many relationship with class Account—the BankDatabase contains many Accounts. Class Account has a many-to-one relationship with class BankDatabase—there can be many Accounts stored in the BankDatabase. At any given time 0 or 1 Withdrawal objects can exist. If the user is performing a withdrawal, â€Å"one object of class Withdrawal accesses/modifies an account balance through one object of class BankDatabase. † All other parts of the system must interact with the database to retrieve or update account information. Classes have attributes (data) and operations (behaviors). Class attributes are implemented in Java programs as fields, and class operations are implemented as methods. In this section, we determine many of the attributes needed in the ATM system. Look for descriptive words and phrases in the requirements document. For each such word and phrase we find that plays a significant role in the ATM system, we create an attribute and assign it to one or more of the classes identified earlier. We also create attributes to represent any additional data that a class may need, as such needs become clear. Next the list the words or phrases from the requirements document that describe each class. For real problems in industry, there is no guarantee that requirements documents will be precise enough for the object-oriented systems designer to determine all the attributes or even all the classes. The need for additional classes, attributes and behaviors may become clear as the design process proceeds. Attributes represent an object’s state. We identify some key states that our objects may occupy and discuss how objects change state in response to various events occurring in the system. We also discuss the workflow, or activities, that objects perform in the ATM system, and we present the activities of BalanceInquiry and Withdrawal transaction objects. An operation is a service that objects of a class provide to clients (users) of the class.

Methaqualone Essays - GABAA Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulators

Methaqualone Methaqualone is a drug that has hypnotic and sedative properties. Although Methaqualone is not considered a barbiturate, using the drug can produce similar results. Common street names for Methaqualone are Quaalude, Lude, Quay, Quad, Mandrex and Sopors. Methaqualone can be injected, and also taken orally. Methaqualone commonly is manufactured in tablets or capsules. The drug can also be found in brown, gray or black tacky powder. An average dose of Methaqualone is about 3 grams. This depends on the person's body height, weight, the use of any other drug, such as alcohol, and the tolerance built to Methaqualone. Within 4-8 hours of taking Methaqualone, the user may experience slurred speech, disorientation, lack of coordination, and increased reflex time. Methaqualone is also commonly used because it causes drunken behavior without the odor of alcohol. The drug also relieves tension, mental stress and anxiety. The possible long-term effects of Methaqualone are psychological and physical dependence, cardiac and respiratory depression, and the reduction of mental activity. The withdrawal symptoms of Methaqualone are anxiety, insomnia, tremors, convulsions, and possible death. The effects of Methaqualone when overdosed are unpredictable, which makes the drug even more dangerous. Overdose by Methaqualone is also more difficult to treat than most barbiturate overdoses. These effects range from cold and clammy skin to a possible death. People that lived through a Methaqualone overdose have also experienced shallow breathing, dilated pupils, and coma. When introduced in 1965, Methaqualone was legally used as a sedative-hypnotic. Doctors prescribed Methaqualone to patients who needed the relief of side effects that were associated with over-stimulation or the withdrawal of other drugs. By 1972, the abuse of Methaqualone was prevalent among both teenagers and adults. "Luding out", or orally ingesting Methaqualone with liquor became popular with teenagers. This made the abuse of Methaqualone twice as hazardous because it increased the effect, as well as the danger. Adults used Methaqualone to reduce anxiety, and as a sleeping aid. Because Methaqualone was widely abused, in 1984 the drug was made illegal in many countries, including the United States. Although most of the effects of the drug are known, Methaqualone is still one of the most widely abused drugs. The most common dangers from abusing Methaqualone are due to car accidents. Because Methaqualone causes faulty judgement and drowsiness, it is very easy to injure or even kill yourself or others in a car accident. Bibliography 1. Kunz, Jeffery and Finkel, Asher. The American Medical Association Family Medical Guide. New York: Random House, 1987. 2. Ziemer, Maryann. Quaaludes. San Diego: Enslow Publishers, Inc., January 1997. 3. http://www.streetdrugs.org. [emailprotected] Copyright Publishers Group, 1996. 4. Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse. http://www.well.com/user/woa/fsseda.htm Methaqualone Essays - GABAA Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulators Methaqualone Methaqualone is a drug that has hypnotic and sedative properties. Although Methaqualone is not considered a barbiturate, using the drug can produce similar results. Common street names for Methaqualone are Quaalude, Lude, Quay, Quad, Mandrex and Sopors. Methaqualone can be injected, and also taken orally. Methaqualone commonly is manufactured in tablets or capsules. The drug can also be found in brown, gray or black tacky powder. An average dose of Methaqualone is about 3 grams. This depends on the person's body height, weight, the use of any other drug, such as alcohol, and the tolerance built to Methaqualone. Within 4-8 hours of taking Methaqualone, the user may experience slurred speech, disorientation, lack of coordination, and increased reflex time. Methaqualone is also commonly used because it causes drunken behavior without the odor of alcohol. The drug also relieves tension, mental stress and anxiety. The possible long-term effects of Methaqualone are psychological and physical dependence, cardiac and respiratory depression, and the reduction of mental activity. The withdrawal symptoms of Methaqualone are anxiety, insomnia, tremors, convulsions, and possible death. The effects of Methaqualone when overdosed are unpredictable, which makes the drug even more dangerous. Overdose by Methaqualone is also more difficult to treat than most barbiturate overdoses. These effects range from cold and clammy skin to a possible death. People that lived through a Methaqualone overdose have also experienced shallow breathing, dilated pupils, and coma. When introduced in 1965, Methaqualone was legally used as a sedative-hypnotic. Doctors prescribed Methaqualone to patients who needed the relief of side effects that were associated with over-stimulation or the withdrawal of other drugs. By 1972, the abuse of Methaqualone was prevalent among both teenagers and adults. "Luding out", or orally ingesting Methaqualone with liquor became popular with teenagers. This made the abuse of Methaqualone twice as hazardous because it increased the effect, as well as the danger. Adults used Methaqualone to reduce anxiety, and as a sleeping aid. Because Methaqualone was widely abused, in 1984 the drug was made illegal in many countries, including the United States. Although most of the effects of the drug are known, Methaqualone is still one of the most widely abused drugs. The most common dangers from abusing Methaqualone are due to car accidents. Because Methaqualone causes faulty judgement and drowsiness, it is very easy to injure or even kill yourself or others in a car accident. Bibliography 1. Kunz, Jeffery and Finkel, Asher. The American Medical Association Family Medical Guide. New York: Random House, 1987. 2. Ziemer, Maryann. Quaaludes. San Diego: Enslow Publishers, Inc., January 1997. 3. http://www.streetdrugs.org. [emailprotected] Copyright Publishers Group, 1996. 4. Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse. http://www.well.com/user/woa/fsseda.htm